Products related to Crystallization:
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Handbook of Continuous Crystallization
Continuous crystallization is an area of intense research, with particular respect to the pharmaceutical industry and fine chemicals.Improvements in continuous crystallization technologies offer chemical industries significant financial gains, through reduced expenditure and operational costs, and consistent product quality. Written by well-known leaders in the field, The Handbook of Continuous Crystallization presents fundamental and applied knowledge, with attention paid to application and scaling up, and the burgeoning area of process intensification.Beginning with concepts around crystallization techniques and control strategies, the reader will learn about experimental methods and computational tools.Case studies spanning fine and bulk chemicals, the pharmaceutical industry, and employing new mathematical tools, put theory into context.
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Crystallization : Basic Concepts and Industrial Applications
Crystallization is a natural occurring process but also a process abundantly used in the industry.Crystallization can occur from a solution, from the melt or via deposition of material from the gas phase (desublimation).Crystals distinguish themself from liquids, gases and amorphous substances by the long-range order of its building blocks that entail the crystals to be formed of well-defined faces, and give rise to a large number of properties of the solid. Crystallization is used at some stage in nearly all process industries as a method of production, purification or recovery of solid materials.Crystallization is practiced on all scales: from the isolation of the first milligrams of a newly synthesized substance in the research laboratory to isolating products on the mulit-million tonne scale in industry.The book describes the breadth of crystallization operations, from isolation from a reaction broth to purification and finally to tailoring product properties. In the first section of the book, the basic mechanisms - nucleation, growth, attrition and agglomeration are introduced.It ensures an understanding of supersaturation, the driving force of crystallization.Furthermore, the solubility of the substance and its dependences on process conditions and the various techniques of crystallization and their possibilities and limitations are discussed.Last but not least, the first part includes an intensive treatment of polymorphism .The second part builds on the basics, exploring how crystallization processes can be developed, either batch-wise or continuous, from solution or from the melt.A discussion of the purification during crystallization serves as a link between the two sections, where practical aspects and an insight using theoretical concepts are combined.Mixing and its influence on the crystallization as well as the mutual interference of down-stream processes with the crystallization are also treated.Finally, techniques to characterize the crop are discussed. The third part of the book is dedicated to accounts of actual developments and of carried-out crystallizations.Typical pitfalls and strategies to avoid these as well as the design of robust processes are presented.
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Industrial Crystallization Process Monitoring and Control
Crystallization is an important technique for separation and purification of substances as well as for product design in chemical, pharmaceutical and biotechnological process industries.This ready reference and handbook draws on research work and industrial practice of a large group of experts in the various areas of industrial crystallization processes, capturing the essence of current trends, the markets, design tools and technologies in this key field.Along the way, it outlines trouble free production, provides laboratory controls, analyses case studies and discusses new challenges. First the instrumentation and techniques used to measure the crystal size distribution, the nucleation and solubility points, and the chemical composition of the solid and liquid phase are outlined.Then the main techniques adopted to control industrial crystallizers, starting from fundamental approaches to the most advanced ones, including the multivariable predictive control are described.An overview of the main crystallizer types is given with details of the main control schemes adopted in industry as well as the more suitable sensors and actuators.
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Polymer Crystallization : Methods, Characterization, and Applications
Polymer Crystallization Control the development of polymer crystals with this groundbreaking introduction Polymer crystallization is a crucial component of polymer development that impacts processing, applications, presentation, and more.Intervention in the polymer crystallization process, in the form of nanofilters, compatibilizers, and more, has the potential to improve optical and chemical properties, improve degrees of crystallinity, and increase the hardness of polymer composites.The myriad applications of crystalline polymers make this one of the most exciting and fast-growing fields in polymer research. Polymer Crystallization provides a comprehensive introduction to this field and its most important recent developments.It characterizes and analysis an expansive range of crystalline polymers and discusses possible mechanisms for influencing their crystallization processes to impact a variety of outcomes and applications.These applications include industries from food packaging to automotive parts to medical and aerospace materials. Polymer Crystallization readers will also find: Detailed treatment of polymer morphology, rheology, modeling, and moreThorough introduction to the fundamentals of polymer crystallizationDiscussion of environmental safety issues and avenues for future research Polymer Crystallization is a useful reference for materials scientists, polymer scientists, biomedical scientists, and advanced undergraduate and graduate students in these and related fields.
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How does crystallization work?
Crystallization is a process in which atoms or molecules arrange themselves in a highly ordered, repeating pattern to form a crystal structure. This process typically occurs when a solution or melt becomes supersaturated, meaning that it contains more solute (the substance being dissolved) than it can hold in a stable solution. As a result, the excess solute begins to come out of solution and form solid crystals. During crystallization, the solute molecules or atoms come together in a specific arrangement dictated by the intermolecular forces between them. These forces cause the solute particles to align in a regular, repeating pattern, creating the characteristic geometric shapes of crystals. The growth of the crystal structure is typically initiated by the formation of a small crystal nucleus, which then grows as more solute particles are added to it. Crystallization can occur through various methods, such as cooling a hot solution, evaporating a solvent from a solution, or allowing a solution to stand undisturbed for a period of time. The conditions under which crystallization takes place, such as temperature, pressure, and the presence of impurities, can influence the size, shape, and purity of the resulting crystals.
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What is a crystallization seed hand warmer?
A crystallization seed hand warmer is a type of reusable hand warmer that uses a crystallization process to generate heat. It contains a small metal disc or button that, when flexed or clicked, triggers the crystallization of a supersaturated solution inside the hand warmer. This process releases heat and provides warmth for a period of time, typically several hours. Once the hand warmer cools down, it can be reactivated by boiling it in water until the crystals dissolve, allowing it to be used again.
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How do you calculate the yield of a crystallization?
To calculate the yield of a crystallization, you would first weigh the initial amount of the compound you are trying to crystallize. Then, after the crystallization process is complete, you would weigh the final amount of the purified crystals. The yield is then calculated by dividing the mass of the purified crystals by the mass of the initial compound, and then multiplying by 100 to get the percentage yield. This gives you the efficiency of the crystallization process in producing the desired crystals.
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What is vaccination and what is a crystallization seed in chemistry?
Vaccination is the process of administering a vaccine to stimulate the immune system to produce immunity to a specific disease, protecting the individual from that disease. This is typically done by introducing a weakened or inactive form of the disease-causing organism into the body, prompting the immune system to create antibodies to fight it off. In chemistry, a crystallization seed is a small crystal introduced into a supersaturated solution to initiate the formation of larger crystals. When a solution becomes supersaturated, meaning it contains more solute than it can hold, it becomes unstable and prone to crystallization. By adding a crystallization seed, the molecules in the solution have a template to align with, promoting the growth of larger, more uniform crystals.
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Crystallization Processes in Fats and Lipid Systems
An exploration of new and emerging techniques, processes and applications in the behaviour, crystallization, and polymorphic transformations of fats and oils.It presents research and information on advanced analytical tools, computer modelling, molecular structures, mixing behaviour, and interactions with seeding materials and surfactants.The contributors spotlight developments in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries, highlighting modern discoveries in polymorphic forms, self-assembled structures, and speciality fats and oils, emphasizing health, balanced nutrition, and functionality.
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Twilight Struggle The Cold War Board Games Puzzle Adult Board Game Multiplayer Leisure Strategy
Twilight Struggle The Cold War Board Games Puzzle Adult Board Game Multiplayer Leisure Strategy
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What are some good multiplayer horror games?
Some good multiplayer horror games include Dead by Daylight, where players can take on the role of either a survivor or a killer in a deadly game of cat and mouse. Another popular choice is Phasmophobia, a cooperative ghost hunting game where players work together to investigate paranormal activity. Additionally, The Forest offers a multiplayer survival horror experience, as players must work together to survive on a mysterious island filled with cannibalistic mutants.
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Which desktop PC would you recommend for strategy and simulation games?
I would recommend a desktop PC with a powerful processor, such as an Intel Core i7 or AMD Ryzen 7, to handle the complex calculations and AI in strategy and simulation games. Additionally, a dedicated graphics card, like an NVIDIA GeForce RTX or AMD Radeon RX, is essential for rendering detailed graphics and smooth gameplay. A minimum of 16GB of RAM is also important for multitasking and running these resource-intensive games smoothly. Lastly, a solid-state drive (SSD) would provide faster load times and overall system responsiveness. Overall, a desktop PC with these specifications would provide a great gaming experience for strategy and simulation games.
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Do you know any good survival horror games?
Yes, there are several good survival horror games that are popular among gamers. Some of the most well-known titles include "Resident Evil," "Silent Hill," "Dead Space," "The Last of Us," and "Alien: Isolation." These games are known for their intense atmosphere, challenging gameplay, and terrifying enemies, making them a favorite among fans of the survival horror genre.
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What are some good survival games in co-op multiplayer?
Some good survival games in co-op multiplayer include "Don't Starve Together," "The Forest," and "Raft." "Don't Starve Together" challenges players to survive in a whimsical, Tim Burton-esque world filled with monsters and environmental hazards. "The Forest" is a first-person survival game set on a mysterious island inhabited by cannibalistic mutants, and players must work together to build shelter, gather resources, and fend off attacks. "Raft" is a unique survival game where players must work together to build and expand their raft while navigating the open ocean and fending off sharks.
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